{"id":221,"date":"2021-08-12T08:38:45","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T08:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/?p=221"},"modified":"2022-01-04T06:33:27","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T06:33:27","slug":"tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"Tetracycline Antibiotics: Uses, mechanism of action, side-effects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_55 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e137ab80daa\"><span class=\"\"><span style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e137ab80daa\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Tetracycline_antibiotics_overview\" title=\"Tetracycline antibiotics overview:\">Tetracycline antibiotics overview:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Tetracycline_Mechanism_of_Action\" title=\"Tetracycline Mechanism of Action:\">Tetracycline Mechanism of Action:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Antimicrobial_spectrum\" title=\"Antimicrobial spectrum:\">Antimicrobial spectrum:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Tetracycline_antibiotics_resistance\" title=\"Tetracycline antibiotics resistance:\">Tetracycline antibiotics resistance:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Pharmacokinetics_of_Tetracycline_antibiotics\" title=\"Pharmacokinetics of Tetracycline antibiotics:\">Pharmacokinetics of Tetracycline antibiotics:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Clinical_Uses\" title=\"Clinical Uses:\">Clinical Uses:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Administration_of_Tetracycline_Antibiotics\" title=\"Administration of Tetracycline Antibiotics \">Administration of Tetracycline Antibiotics <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Adverse_effects_of_Tetracycline_Antibiotics\" title=\"Adverse effects of Tetracycline Antibiotics\">Adverse effects of Tetracycline Antibiotics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Precautions\" title=\"Precautions\">Precautions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/12\/tetracycline-antibiotics-uses-mechanism-of-action-side-effects\/#Reference\" title=\"Reference:\">Reference:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tetracycline_antibiotics_overview\"><\/span><meta charset=\"utf-8\">Tetracycline antibiotics overview:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracycline antibiotics are <strong>Broad-spectrum<\/strong> antibiotics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first tetracyclines were natural products derived from the fermentations of <strong>actinomycetes<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4817740\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ref<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Chlortetracycline<\/strong>, produced by <strong>Streptomyces aureofaciens<\/strong>, and marketed as <strong>Aureomycin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A new synthetic subclass \u2018<strong>glycylcyclines<\/strong>\u2019 represented by <strong>Tigecycline<\/strong> has been added recently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines are classified into three groups<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>Group I <\/strong>:  Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>Group II<\/strong> :  Demeclocycline, lymecycline<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>Group III<\/strong> :  Doxycycline, minocycline<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tetracycline_Mechanism_of_Action\"><\/span>Tetracycline Mechanism of Action:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum <strong>bacteriostatic<\/strong> antibiotics that <strong>inhibit protein synthesis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines enter microorganisms in part by <strong>passive diffusion<\/strong> (more lipid-soluble members doxycycline, minocycline) and in part by an <strong>energy-dependent process of active transport<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>gram-negative<\/strong> bacteria tetracyclines diffuse through <strong>porin channels<\/strong> as well<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once inside the cell, tetracyclines bind <strong>reversibly<\/strong> to the <strong>30S subunit<\/strong> of the bacterial ribosome, blocking the binding of <strong>aminoacyl-tRNA<\/strong> to the acceptor site on the mRNA- ribosome complex. This prevents addition of amino acids to the growing peptide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-mechanism-of-action-BLOG.jpg\" alt=\"Tetracycline mode of action\" class=\"wp-image-224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-mechanism-of-action-BLOG.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-mechanism-of-action-BLOG-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-mechanism-of-action-BLOG-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline mechanism of action <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antimicrobial_spectrum\"><\/span>Antimicrobial spectrum:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines are active against many gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria, including certain anaerobes, <strong>rickettsiae<\/strong>, <strong>chlamydiae<\/strong>, and <strong>mycoplasmas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Protozoa like <strong>Entamoeba histolytica<\/strong> and <strong>Plasmodium<\/strong> are inhibited at high concentrations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"770\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-intracellular3.jpg\" alt=\"Tetracycline antibiotics antimicrobial coverage\" class=\"wp-image-241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-intracellular3.jpg 770w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-intracellular3-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-intracellular3-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-intracellular3-270x180.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline antibiotics antimicrobial spectrum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tetracycline_antibiotics_resistance\"><\/span>Tetracycline antibiotics resistance:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Three mechanisms of resistance:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) <strong>impaired influx <\/strong>or <strong>increased efflux<\/strong> by an active transport protein pump;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) <strong>ribosome protection<\/strong> due to production of proteins that interfere with tetracycline binding to the ribosome<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) <strong>enzymatic inactivation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacokinetics_of_Tetracycline_antibiotics\"><\/span>Pharmacokinetics of Tetracycline antibiotics:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Oral absorption of tetracyclines is <strong>impaired by food<\/strong> and <strong>multivalent cations<\/strong> (calcium, iron, aluminium etc.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yoghurt<\/strong> decreases the absorption of tetracyclines because it contains cations like <strong>calcium<\/strong> and <strong>magnesium<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"770\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-bind-with-ions.jpg\" alt=\"Tetracycline with ions and foods\" class=\"wp-image-243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-bind-with-ions.jpg 770w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-bind-with-ions-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-bind-with-ions-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-bind-with-ions-270x180.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline with ions and foods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines <strong>cross the placenta<\/strong> and affect the fetus, if administered to a pregnant female. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All tetracyclines undergo <strong>enterohepatic circulation<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All tetracyclines are excreted primarily in the urine <strong>except doxycycline<\/strong>. Doxycycline is excreted in the <strong>feces<\/strong> and thus can be used in the presence of renal failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Half life of <strong>doxycycline<\/strong> and <strong>minocycline<\/strong> is longer than other tetracyclines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clinical_Uses\"><\/span>Clinical Uses:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Tetracycline antibiotics are first choice drugs for<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Lymphogranuloma venereum ( LGV) <\/li><li>Granuloma inguinale <\/li><li>Atypical pneumonia due to chlamydia <\/li><li>Cholera <\/li><li>Brucellosis (with rifampicin) <\/li><li>Plague prophylaxis (Drug of choice for treatment is streptomycin) <\/li><li>Relapsing fever (Doxycycline) <\/li><li>Lyme disease (Doxycycline)<\/li><li>Rickettsial infections (Doxycycline) <\/li><li>Chlamydial infections (Doxycycline) <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Other uses of individual tetracyclines include<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Meningococcal carrier state (Minocycline) <\/li><li>Malaria prophylaxis (Doxycycline) <\/li><li>Amoebiasis (Doxycycline) <\/li><li>Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (Demeclocycline) <\/li><li>As secondary drugs for gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydial infections <\/li><li>For pleurodesmosis in malignant pleural effusion. <\/li><li>Leprosy (minocycline) <\/li><li>Peptic ulcer by H. pylori (tetracycline)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Tetracycline uses mnemonic\" class=\"wp-image-246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-370x370.jpg 370w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracyclines-are-used-for-min-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline uses mnemonic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administration_of_Tetracycline_Antibiotics\"><\/span>Administration of Tetracycline Antibiotics <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>Oral capsule<\/strong> is the dosage form in which tetracyclines are most commonly administered. The capsule should be taken <strong>1\u20442 hr before<\/strong> or <strong>2 hr after food<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetracyclines are <strong>not recommended by i.m. route <\/strong>because it is <strong>painful<\/strong> and absorption from the injection site is poor. Slow i.v. injection may be given in severe cases, but is rarely required now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A variety of topical preparations (ointment, cream, etc.) are available, but should not be used, because there is high risk of <strong>sensitization<\/strong>. However, ocular application is not contraindicated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Adverse_effects_of_Tetracycline_Antibiotics\"><\/span>Adverse effects of Tetracycline Antibiotics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Irritative effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tetracyclines have irritant property; can cause epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea on oral ingestion.<\/li><li><strong>Odynophagia<\/strong> and <strong>esophageal ulceration<\/strong> has occurred by release of the material from capsules in the esophagus during swallowing, especially with <strong>doxycycline<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Intramuscular injection of tetracyclines is very painful; thrombophlebitis of the injected vein can occur, especially on repeated i.v. injection.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Dose related Organ toxicity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4>Liver damage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Fatty infiltration of liver and jaundice occurs occasionally. Oxytetracycline and tetracycline are safer in this regard.<\/li><li>Tetracyclines can precipitate <strong>acute hepatic necrosis<\/strong> in <strong>pregnant women<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Kidney damage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Outdated tetracycline<\/strong> use may lead to <strong>Fanconi\u2019s syndrome<\/strong>. It is a type of <strong>renal tubular acidosis<\/strong><\/li><li>Tetracyclines may <strong>exacerbate pre-existing renal dysfunction <\/strong>although these are not directly nephrotoxic<\/li><li><strong>Doxycycine <\/strong>is <strong>safe<\/strong> in Renal failure<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Phototoxicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>A sunburn like skin reaction on exposed parts is seen in some individuals.<\/li><li>More commonly seen with <strong>demeclocycline<\/strong> and <strong>doxycycline<\/strong>.<\/li><li><strong>Distortion of nails<\/strong> occurs occasionally<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Teeth and bone defects due to Tetracycline antibiotics<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tetracyclines have <strong>chelating property<\/strong>. Calcium-tetracycline chelate gets deposited in developing teeth and bone.<\/li><li>Given from <strong>midpregnancy to 5 months of extra-uterine life<\/strong>, the <strong>deciduous<\/strong> teeth are affected: brown discolouration, ill-formed teeth which are more susceptible to caries.<\/li><li>Tetracyclines given between <strong>3 months and 6 years <\/strong>of age affect the crown of <strong>permanent<\/strong> <strong>anterior<\/strong> dentition.<\/li><li>In <strong>UV rays<\/strong> it shows bright <strong>yellow fluorescence<\/strong><\/li><li>Doxycycline is <strong>less likely<\/strong> to cause this adverse effect.<\/li><li><strong>Minocycline hydrochloride<\/strong>, a synthetic derivative of tetracycline may affect fully developed teeth (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.magonlinelibrary.com\/doi\/abs\/10.12968\/denu.1999.26.4.160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ref<\/a>)<\/li><li>Repeated courses are more damaging.<\/li><li>Given during late pregnancy or childhood, tetracyclines can cause <strong>temporary suppression<\/strong> of <strong>bone growth<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"770\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-and-tooth-discoloration.jpg\" alt=\"Tooth discolouration\" class=\"wp-image-249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-and-tooth-discoloration.jpg 770w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-and-tooth-discoloration-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-and-tooth-discoloration-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-and-tooth-discoloration-270x180.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline and tooth discolouration<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4>Antianabolic effect<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tetracyclines <strong>reduce protein synthesis<\/strong> and have an overall catabolic effect. They <strong>induce negative nitrogen balance<\/strong> and can increase blood urea.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Intracranial pressure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Increased intracranial pressure is noted in some infants.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Diabetes insipidus<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Demeclocycline<\/strong> antagonizes ADH action and reduces urine concentrating ability of the kidney.<\/li><li>It has been tried in patients with <strong>inappropriate ADH secretion<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Vestibular toxicity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Minocycline<\/strong> can cause ataxia, vertigo and nystagmus, which subside when the drug is discontinued.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Hypersensitivity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This is infrequent with tetracyclines. Skin rashes, urticaria, glossitis, pruritus, exfoliative dermatitis have been reported.<\/li><li>Angioedema and anaphylaxis are extremely rare.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Superinfection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tetracyclines may cause superinfection diarrhea and <strong>pseudomembranous colitis<\/strong>. Gastrointestinal side effects are most common adverse effects.<\/li><li><strong>Doxycycline<\/strong> and <strong>minocycline<\/strong> are <strong>less<\/strong> liable to cause diarrhoea, because only small amounts reach the lower bowel in the active form.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1000\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-adverse-effects..naz-min.jpg\" alt=\"side effects mnemonic\" class=\"wp-image-247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-adverse-effects..naz-min.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-adverse-effects..naz-min-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tetracycline-adverse-effects..naz-min-768x561.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption>Tetracycline side effects mnemonic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Precautions\"><\/span>Precautions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Tetracycline antibiotics <strong>should not be used during pregnancy<\/strong>, lactation and in children. <\/li><li>They <strong>should be avoided in patients on diuretics<\/strong>: blood urea may rise in such patients. <\/li><li>They should be used cautiously in <strong>renal <\/strong>or <strong>hepatic insufficiency<\/strong>. <\/li><li>Preparations <strong>should never be used beyond their expiry date<\/strong>. <\/li><li><strong>Do not mix injectable tetracyclines with penicillin<\/strong>\u2014inactivation occurs.<\/li><li>Do not inject tetracyclines intrathecally.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reference\"><\/span>Reference:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/2VOzpMN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Basic and Clinical Pharmacology; Bertram G. Katzung; 14th ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3s8anEK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics; Goodman &amp; Gilman&#8217;s; 13th ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3fWcFlu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Essentials of Medical Pharmacology; KD Tripathi; 7th ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3fXaDBw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visual Book Of Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology (Medical Mnemonics); Nazmul Alam; 1st ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3fXaZYS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Review of Pharmacology; Garg &amp; Gupta; 14th ed<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tetracycline antibiotics overview: Tetracycline antibiotics are Broad-spectrum antibiotics The first tetracyclines were natural products derived from the fermentations of actinomycetes. (ref) Chlortetracycline, produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens, and marketed as Aureomycin A new synthetic subclass \u2018glycylcyclines\u2019 represented by Tigecycline has been added recently. Tetracyclines are classified into three groups &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Group I : Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":274,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[43,62],"tags":[46,64,63],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Tetracycline-antibiotics.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"Medinaz Academy","author_link":"https:\/\/medinaz.com\/blog\/author\/medinaz-blog-admin\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tetracycline Antibiotics: Uses, mechanism of action, side-effects - Medinaz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tetracycline antibiotics: All you need to know about Uses, mode of action, adverse effects, pregnancy complications. 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